COPD raises lung cancer risk independently of smoking history. A 2024 meta-analysis found 1.76 times higher risk. The red flags and who to screen.

Nearly half of lung cancers in Canada are diagnosed late. The symptoms to watch for, the four steps of diagnosis, and who qualifies for screening.

Non-small cell lung cancer makes up 80-85% of cases in Canada. The two main types, their subtypes, and the biomarkers that decide treatment.

Weight gain, hyperlipidemia, edema and mild CNS changes over two years, with disease control maintained. Identify early, escalate proportionally, communicate clearly.

Clear referral thresholds for neurology, psychiatry, cardiology, radiation oncology and tertiary centres in ALK+ NSCLC, while maintaining oncologic oversight.

AE checklists, lipid monitoring, cognitive screening and symptom tracking. Practical tools that make follow-up systematic rather than reactive.